The Doctrine of Ijma

Table of Contents Ijma as a source of jurisprudence in Islamic banks Modern views regarding ijma Various limitations of ijma as a source of Shariah Findings Conclusions Recommendations Reference Ijma as a source of jurisprudence in Islamic banks As noted by Farooq (2006), Ijma is an Arabic word with two meanings. One of the meanings is to determine while the other is to agree upon something. This word has usage both in the hadith and in the Quran. The author further states that the Sunnah and the Qur’an are foundational sources, while qiyas and ijma are derivative sources. Ijma plays a critical role in the lives of Muslims from a socio-religious perspective because it helps to promote integration. Ijma has become a significant source of influence on many religious issues. In the past, Muslims regulated all their religious doctrines through ijma, which meant that disapproving it amounted to digression. The wide recognition of the concept shows that it is possible to integra te it in Islamic banks.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Doctrine of Ijma specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Modern views regarding ijma The emergence of numerous schools of jurisprudence (also known as madhabs) plays a critical role in promoting ijma. Besides, Muslims have appreciated that some of these constituting beliefs signify a systematization of the approach, including the various laws, views and regulations. The doctrine of ijma is critical because it helps to regulate the actions of Muslims. Diversity in terms of thinking, as well as providing room for disagreement represents some of the modern views on the issue. These positive moves are essential because they signify dynamism in many ways. However, the modern Muslim thinkers thought it advantageous that broad agreement should prevail in all madhabs with regard to the various facets of customs and worship (Farooq, 2006). Various limitations of ijma as a source of Shariah One of the most notable limitations of ijma is that there is no consensus regarding the source of authority of the various issues surrounding it. In addition, distinguished intellectuals have made several claims that the concept of ijma does not have its foundations on the Quran. Besides, both the hadith and Quran have not been compellingly accepted as the foundation of ijma, which then raises doubts regarding the foundation of its authority. Outstanding academics such as al-Amidi have made serious claims that ijma is probabilistic, which raises doubt regarding its reliability. In addition, Farooq (2006) provides a long list of the issues in which there is no consensus. Findings The findings of this report indicate that while Ijma plays a vital role in the lives of Muslims, some sections of people in that community highly criticize it. Although ijma is a derivative (secondary) source, it helps to promote integration among Muslims. The modern views on the issue signify appreciation for some of its constituting beliefs. Modern views on the issue also reveal diversity in terms of thinking, which is positive because it suggests enthusiasm in some way. The report has also noted a number of limitations regarding ijma that prevent its acceptance across the board. Notable scholars have criticized ijma, which weakens its credibility (Farooq, 2006). Conclusions Ijma is a highly influential concept among the Muslims. The concept has usage in both the hadith and in the Qur’an, which explains its influential role among Muslims. Although modern views regarding the concept are positive, the various limitations have a considerable influence on its applicability as a source of Shariah in Islamic Banks (Farooq, 2006). In the first place, there is no consensus regarding its meaning. Secondly, the various claims by different scholars regarding its foundation also contribute in weakening its acceptance in Islamic Banks. Recommendations This report pre sents the following recommendations to ensure the acceptance of ijma as a source of Shariah in Islamic Banks (Farooq, 2006): There is a need for consensus on the meaning of the concept There is also a need to identify the parties to the agreement to avoid uncertainty Comprehensive measures are necessary to determine the level of competency that should apply to the participants of ijma As Banks usually require some level of certainty, measures such as identifying the scope and period covered are indispensable There is also the need to define the meaning and scope of other terms closely associated with ijma. Reference Farooq, M. O. (2006). The doctrine of Ijma: Is there a consensus? [PDF document]. Retrieved from Lecture Notes.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This report on The Doctrine of Ijma was written and submitted by user Arielle Harper to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Compare and Contrast essay on China and Mesopotamia Essays

Compare and Contrast essay on China and Mesopotamia Essays Compare and Contrast essay on China and Mesopotamia Paper Compare and Contrast essay on China and Mesopotamia Paper Around 5,000 years ago early civilizations settled near rivers. Ancient China civilizations established on the Hang-He River Valley, while early Mesopotamia civilizations settled near the Tigris and Euphrates River Valley. While both Hang-He River Valley and Mesopotamia have similar politics they also differed in the interactions with the environment and economics. China and Mesopotamia had several ways of interacting with the environment. China s type of farming differed from Mesopotamia s farming style. China used terrace farming while Mesopotamia s still used a little of hunting a gathering. Chinese people used terraces to adapt to the environment, Mesopotamia s also used hunting and gathering to adapt to the habitat. Terraces were used because terrace fields decreased erosion;hunting and gathering was used because the river valley flooded often. While China had the Hang-He River Valley, Mesopotamia had the Tigris and Euphrates River Valley which both had to make people adapt to them. In China people had to built complex flood control systems and Mesopotamia had to build bridges. The flood control systems helped by guiding the water when it flooded, the bridges helped people cross the rivers. Trading was an important characteristic from Ancient China and Mesopotamia. China used the Sailboard while, Mesopotamia used different trading roots. This both helped the societies in agricultural growth. Keeping record of money or monetary issues was a major thing in ancient times. Mesopotamia had a written record meanwhile, China only had the language they spoke. China and Mesopotamia both used Barter Systems. Politics and laws in the Hang-He river valley and Mesopotamia had several similarities and differences. The law code from Mesopotamia was Hamburgs Code; made by its inning, Hamburg, meanwhile in China it was the Mandate of heaven. The Hamburgs Code helped keep order in the society, on the other hand, the mandate of heaven gave the king absolute power. One thing that these civilizations had in common was that they both used decentralized ruling. Mesopotamia used city-states while China used Central Government. In conclusion, China s Hang-He river valley and Mesopotamia have several similarities and differences in Interactions with the environment, political issues and economically. They both settled near the rivers; Hang-He river, Tigris, and Euphrates rivers.

To what extent does the work of Jaques Louis David change during the Essay

To what extent does the work of Jaques Louis David change during the French Revolution - Essay Example To know a few details from this artist’s life is to understand some of his choices. Jacques Louis David’s life was filled with underlying turmoil from the early years. Losing his father in a duel, and gaining two stern uncles to fulfil the vital paternal role while very young, made indelible marks. The uncles thought he should be an architect or building contractor, since it was the way they made their living. In spite of being perfectly capable of the required draftsmanship, David had other ideas2. He was obsessed with drawing. He wanted to paint. The family had expectations of the young David that did not include painting as a career, although his fixation with drawing showed everyone very soon that his talents should not go to waste. He filled sketchbook after sketchbook with drawings3, with the kind of dedication that was impossible to ignore. Both uncles finally accepted his ability to make choices and persuaded his mother, who had left him to be brought up by them, and a teacher was sought: but not too far afield. Boucher, a relative, taught art, but soon, when he saw the style David wanted to paint, and their difference in personalities, he decided his neighbour and artist friend Joseph-Marie Vien would be a better candidate as a tutor for the young David. This change is one that would mark the artist’s preferences for some time4. A facial disfigurement marred David’s dealings with people. Because it affected his speech, he tended to prefer solitary activities, but made an effort to resist isolation, reminded of his schooldays, when he often crouched behind the teacher’s dais at school5. Being a young man with personal issues when the ancien rà ©gime, or Old Order, was winding down, towards the end of the 18th century, meant that experiencing changes in the morals and society in general became personal. David happened to be

The Concept of Adjusted Net Savings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Concept of Adjusted Net Savings - Essay Example Some of the recent theoretical work has derived the association between development prospects and saving effort. There are two results associated with the linkage levels of the saving and the development prospect (positive and negative adjusted net savings). Savings, in this case, is described as the change in the real wealth excluding the capital gains (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development 2004, p31). Â  The first result is positive adjusted net savings and in this case, the current value of the social welfare that is along the path of development increases. It has the implication that the development path in which the net saving is positive is located where the current value of the social welfare is ever increasing. To evaluate the improvement of the social welfare, net saving can be used sufficiently to measure it. The second result is negative adjusted net savings and in this case, the current value of the social welfare is declining; the level of the social welfare over sometime in the future along the development path will be lower than the present social welfare. This implies that the economy is on a path that is unsustainable, thus, negative net savings indicates unsustainability in an economy (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development 2004, p31). Â  According to The World Bank, adjusted net saving is used as a sustainability indicator that is based on the concepts of the green national accounts. Adjusted net savings evaluates the economy’s true rate of savings after taking into consideration the account the depletion of the natural resources, investments in the human capital, and the harm caused by pollution. Other than serving as an indicator of sustainability, adjusted net savings is also an indicator of policy (The World Bank 2010, p1).

Maximus and Aquinas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Maximus and Aquinas - Essay Example Thomas Aquinas and St. Maximus the Confessors input on this issue. Will can be defined as choice or determination. Divine will is what a Divine being, God, chooses or determines. Even though it sounds clear enough, the question then becomes; who is God or what components make up God? This leads to a discussion on knowledge about God, including what is the true knowledge. Then influences on mens perception of true knowledge, like Plato or Aristotle need to be examined. Human will, or human choice or determination, appears less complicated, but in reality is not. The reason human will is not clear cut comes down to how much Divine will influences mans thoughts. This factor is unknown. Opinions range from human will that is totally free to human will being guided by completely by Divine will. Aquinas and Maximus agree that humans have a will, or choice when dealing with issues of God. Aquinas asserted â€Å"that for the knowledge of any truth whatsoever man needs Divine help, that the intellect may be moved by God to its act.†1 Despite this statement, Aquinas thought that humans have a natural instinct to have knowledge without Divine revelation. Aquinas also acknowledged that Divine revelation occurs from time to time, "especially in regard to faith.†2 This means that true knowledge comes from God, but humans can also reason things out with and without Divine revelation. Through the working out of the commandments the mind puts off the passions. Through the spiritual contemplation of visible realities it puts off impassioned thoughts of things. Through the knowledge of invisible realities it puts off contemplation of visible things. And finally this it puts off through knowledge of the Holy Trinity.3 Maximus felt that knowledge comes in an abstracting from the realm of the senses into one of intellect.4 Maximus thought that any projection onto an thought of possible apprehension makes out perception of this object false.5 This

The Brief Introduction Of Globalization Cultural Studies Essay

The Brief Introduction Of Globalization Cultural Studies Essay Globalization is something that has been with the human race ever since the world has begun. From local to global, we could attribute this to the result of human innovation and technological progress. Globalization from the word global means spreading throughout the world, in other words spreading world-wide. The aims of having a globalized community is to have interdependence of the entire world and its people from each other with concern for the rest of the world at the expense of national self-development and self-interests. Globalization became world-wide popular about 1992, when most people talked about it mainly in the field of economy. But today, it has been spoken of as a fashion word, and it attracts much attention from he academic scholars. The reason is that globalization has been an unstoppable world trend which changes the whole world so greatly that no countries and nations can be separated from it. But what is globalization? Before answering this question, we have to admit that there is no universal definition about it. This is because the concept of globalization doesnt come into the form at the very beginning in human history. It develops into the present being through a long historical process. Widely speaking, it refers to the exchanges and utilizations among different resources and production factors, and the interactions, conformity and coordination of human activities and their achievement. Therefore, it includes at least two essential factors: firstly, the activity in space must overstep one area or one nation, at the same time it has to show the trend of continuing development. Secondly, the participants should be related to each other, not being isolated. B, The constitution of globalization ¼Ã¢â‚¬ º Besides, the constitution of globalization involves many fields of human society, including economy, politics, culture, ideology and so on.. Dating back the history of globalization, it began from the economic expansion, and it was Europeans that lift the curtain of globalization when they established colonies beyond their own counties. And then follow the expansion of culture, civilization, region or ideology, etc. 2 Some main features of globalization and the according reasons of them. A, Integration of world economy First of all, globalization is mainly drived by the profit of economy. From the above introduction, we know that globalization started by the expansion of colony, from which colonists gained a lot of money , in other words, they build their treasure by doing so. Therefore , today the integration of world economy is regarded as the foundation, main cause, motivation and symbol of globalization. It is first shown by the internationalization of manufacturing systems. The world production has undergone a historical transformation since the 2oth century, under the influence of development of technology and the promotion of technological revolution as well as the application of mass production factors. Many big companies of developed countries build their companies or factories in overseas countries where they could make full use of the native labor force and other resources by paying lower cost. Whereby the could form huge multinational corporation which greatly promotes international pro duction. Economic integration through trade, migration, capital flows and communication flows has been officially around since 1870. This new concept could noticeably profit if based on D. Ricardo economic theory of comparative advantage. The latter theory states that each country should produce those products/services, which they can produce/provide with the lowest opportunity cost and total production cost. Hence, allowing all countries to produce and trade in the most efficient way so that the highest attainable welfare for all countries is reached. Nowadays, multinational coporations have overspreaded among more than160 countries in the world. They take 40 percents of the whole worlds total output value; 90 percents of the world market shares, 80 percents international economic trade, 90 percents of the international technological trade. In 1996, the number of the multinational corperations reached over 44000. They invested their capitals to overseas to make s greater profit. With the furthering opening of the market and the expansion of the trade scale, the world manpower and material and technological resources are all absorbed into the world production systems, in which they are interdependent and impartible with each other. Besides, a huge mount of financial capital move at a high speed in the range of whole word. Since the World War11, drived by the market demands and investing interest, a large mount of money has been use beyond the issuing countries. With the exploration of overseas business and production and development of technologies, financial capital finally broke from the constraintion of national boundaries and practical tools which made become real international citizens. A study shows that the current financial capital market in the world has reached 35000 billion dollars, and the overseas capital reached more than 1000 billion dollars. The sum of international financial capital is not only large in amount but also move at a fast speed. Owing to the modern science and technology, the treasure activity with a huge sum of money can be conducted by a call or whatever fast means. With the huge treasure accumulation high movement of the international financial capital, the pace of the integratio n of world economy has highly been accelerated. Whats more , the formation of world market also offers a good environment for the integration of world economy. World market refers to place which provides a room for world- wide exchange of products, servers and technologies. It originally started between the 16th century and the 18th century and underwent a fast development in the 19th century, and came into the form in 1970s. The current world market is a veritable global universal market, whose main symbols shown in the way the sharp expansion of the exchange scale, the unification of the market rules and the expansion of market capacity and overseas business. Globalization, no matter as a phenomenon or an economic trend, deeply affects every country in the world. Economies of every country are becoming more related. They infiltrate, influence and depend on each other more and more. Globalization has become an inevitable fact and trend that will not change with peoples will. It brings challenge as well as opportunity to each country. Every country are active to get into the way of globalization by adjusting their economic and diplomatic polices. B, Integration of world culture; Culture and economy interdependently support each other, because they often develop hand in hand. With the global application of production factors, global capital flows and the formation of world market, different cultures from various nations and areas are surely to exchange, conflict and integrate each other in the range of globe. The conflict and collision of different cultures help to speed up the metabolism of a new culture and form a mechanism for developing the superior and weeding out the inferior and initiate the ideological trend of parochial nationalism and cultural hegemony but cannot result in the homogeny and unification of the cultures, which is bound to result in a harmonious situation through such conflict and integration and finally reaches a state where balance is kept. The reason for this phenomenon lies in that the cultures reserved through a long history reflect the thought, ideology, ways of thinking and living of humans. They bear some unusual values and the existence of themselves has certain special meaning. It is of the same importance to keep cultures in diversity as we do to different biology, because the diversity of culture lays an essential foundation for the sustainable and sound development of human society. People with the competence thinking rationally and reflections are surely to realize that the ruin of the diversity of culture means to the ruin of our humans spiritual home and the cultural resources , which could push human beings to an abyss of unsustainable existence and development. Therefore, it is vital important for us to carefully protect our cultures in diversity as we do to animals and plants and keep them from ruin. The integration of global culture refers to different cultures coexist and intergrow harmoniously under the same sky. As an important content and symbol of globalization, culture is the magnification of the integration of globalization in all directions. Geographically speaking, it includes the conformity of the west and east cultures; seeing from national perspective, it includes the integration of the cultures of both native and foreign areas; considering form different levels, it includes the integration of both individual and collective cultures, and folk and official as well as academic cultures; viewing from the essence of culture it includes the integration of the scientific culture and the literary culture; from the connotation of culture perspective it also includes those aspects on sense of value, ways of thinking, structure of knowledge in different counties and areas. All these aspects provide a vital foundation for the integration of global culture, and it also serve as an important precondition of the realization of economic globalization. However, Globalization is sword with two blades. For one thing, it helped to highlight a nations culture, draw on the srength of other cultures and contribute the cultural diversity. For another, some small countries native culture are being challenged. Their distinctive cultures are driven towards extinction. For them, to preserve national identity is a must. Anyhow, it is an unavoidable for a country to take part in globalization. or else, it will be kicked out of world competition sooner or later. So, what merits our special attention is how to keep and promote native culture under globalization. The priority is to enhance the cultural awareness of native people, make them cherish and glory in ones countrys culture. When the native people take initiative to protect and promote their own culture, no matter what influence globalization exerts, native culture will not be replaced. Inclusion, globalization has gi ven rise to a greater sense of nationalism in many countries and therefore has helped people to realise and protect their own national identity including their culture from these outside forces. Therefore although globalization is changing the way a lot of us behave/eat/dress and even speak it has also helped to highlight aspects of our own cultures. C, Intergrowth of world ecology; Human activity is an exchange of material, energy, and information process with the natural world which can result in intensive ecological effects. With the speeding up of the integration of world economy, humans production scale and consuming ability are largely expanded and increased, which has seriously affected the ecological environment on the earth and it has greatly changed the world from its content to its magnification. ecological integration refers to the intergrowth of human and nature to reach a common prosperity in the same ecological system. And it also means that the whole humans existence and future development deeply rely on the quality of our ecological environment. However, the improvement of the environment condition requires our human being to raise our consciousness of protecting it and demands our common efforts to reserve it. As an important part of the globalization, the intergrowth of world ecology is mainly shown by the flowing aspects: Firstly, human beings and all living things coexist on the same planet, in other words , we share the same living space. We are just a part of this world, and existence and development deeply rely on the other parts of the world. People from different nations and areas are interdependent each other, and the world is our common home for all of us. We all have the obligation to take care of the ecological environment so as to get the room for a better future development. Although we are born to have the right to make full use our space and land where we live and belong to, we have no right infiltrate that of others, not mention to the ruin of the whole ecological space that belong to all human beings. Secondly, the ecological resources are possessed by all human beings. It includes such factors as air, water, sunshine, land, temperature and so on, which are absolutely indispensable for people to live on this planet, which also change the peoples activities and enable them to make a large amount of achievement by taking advantage of them. Seeing from the present condition, the serious pollution of environment is caused by people partially persrue economic growth and leading a consuming lifestyle , but concerning the pollution-maker, it is some individual coporations who make huge profit at the cost of environment that are main responsible for such matter. As peoples environmental protection consciousness gradually raise, they begin to take actions to fight against pollution, defend and maintain their environmental right, and ask to punish those who contribute to environmental pollution. Their behaviors lead to the formatiom of a trend of environmental protection. Thirdly, the global resources are shared by people around the word. Humans as a part of living things, we cannot do without consuming different resources offered by the nature. However, the resources on the earth are not inexhaustible, besides they belong to everybody, so they should be allotted fairly among people of different areas and generations. Therefore, any country and any generation shouldnt meet its own interest at the cost of that of other countries and generations. We dont have the right to impair the interest and potential development of others or our future generation. Peoples idea about sharing resources among areas and generations leads to the raising consciousness of defending their right in sharing the common resources in the range of globe, which helps to lay a theoretical basis for the application of a sustainable development. At the fourth place, human beings are confronted with the same problems and disasters. We have no choices but to live in the same ecological environment on this planet. We are faced with the same disasters as severe air pollution, deterioration of water quality, desertification, acid rain, ozone hole, etc. All these problems have seriously affected peoples living environment and their life quality. According to the study of the World Health Centre and American Disease Controlling Centre, each year, air pollution has made a negative effect on peoples heath of about 4-5 billion, and 40% of the world populations deaths are caused by air pollution and other environmental problems. Their conclusion is that humans activities improper behaviors on the earth are ruining themselves. At the fifth place, all human beings are responsible for the ecological environment. Human could do nothing without the support of earth, which provides essential materials for us. Since many of environmental problems that the earth facing are caused by human activities, thus to resolve such issues, it needs the common efforts of all people around the world. As a member of the world society, we have the full reasons to take part in the social activities to protect our common ecological environment, to keep the global ecology in balance and to beautify our common homeland. D, Mutual recognition of people in the world; Men are the center and main part in the process of globalization, so the development of globalization is out of mens sense of global view and the increase of their mutual understanding each other in certain degree. However, on the other hand, the essence and magnification of globalization stimulate mens practice and enhance the mutual recognition and understanding. In other words, peoples mutual recognition around the world can both be regarded the cause and precondition of globalization as well as the content and magnification of it. These two aspects are interdependent and mutual reliant in the process of globalization. But what does peoples mutual recognition refer to? It means that peoples mutual understanding and recognition of different countries and areas air highly increased. The interaction of their sense of value and way of thinking are also strengthened. The reason for this firstly is due to the expansion of the communication scale and the acceleration of human source exchange. Todays world is a widely opened society, with more and more people participating in such activities in business, economic trade, cultural exchange, and touring, etc, which take place in different countries and regions. The all-direction exchanges and interaction are sure to strengthen a better communication and understanding. However, Globalization itself is a process that is completely ,uncertain and keep changing, which make it hard for people to come to consist in views of globalization because of different knowledge background, even we have had lots of consistent conclusion. Difference in knowledge and value orientation may cause different ideology, even inside of capitalism and socialism. All that difference come out all kinds of globalization theories with different ideology. Theory comes from real world and will serve the real world, so those different globalization theories will also affect the globalizations natural progress. Thats the ideological problem during the process of globalization, itself or implied. But such ideology difference doesnt hold the main trend of mutual complementation by frequent contact under the help of modern communication tools. The communication and understanding between people in different region are transformed via the way of information exchange. Under the help of the modern communication technology and the increase of the input information, people can have a better international view toward the world. Nowadays, we have entered a society of knowledge economy, the main feature of such society is shown by taking information technology as the essential technology, and treating information industry as the leading industry. By the end of 1998,over 100 million computers had put into use by internet, and more than 500 million people become net citizens, the main page of internet amounted to over 130 million with the sharply increasing trend by 100 thousand pages and 20 million new words around the world each year. As for other communication means, such newspapers, it increases 5 times as fast as the previous year, and list will go on. The highly developed communication technology and information industry has fa cilitated the communication of people around the world and provided a sound precondition for a better interaction. Peoples mutual recognition is firstly shown by the increase of the level of peoples recognition of the present mutual understanding. Before the modern times, owing to the backwardness of communication means, people of different counties and nations were isolated from each other, so communication between people in sun situation seldom happened, not mention to mutual understanding. Nowadays, people of different areas can get contact with each other in a more direct way, under the help of modern communication technology, by a close intercourse. The popularization and attachment to the education of the world history and world geography greatly strengthen peoples understanding of the world theoretically. At the same time, the modern technology of media and the development of traffic tools has shortened the distance of people in different areas and deepened the communication between people living far away. Peoples mutual recognition is also shown by the emulation and assimilation of their way of thinking and behaving. For example, people tend to pursue a more proper and sound lifestyle. They are likely to leading a life in which they could realize their value. In the production field, the industry means begins to mode from extensive form into intensive form in order to reach a more environmental growth and a sustainable development. In the way thinking, people are likely to change from a closed way to a more open way, from reserved manner to a more original manner, and unilateral to multilateral. Besides, peoples mutual recognition is also shown in the way of infiltration and assimilation of peoples sense of value. The sense of value is the essential part of human culture as well as the guidance of peoples action. The trend of globalization can be accepted by the people around the world, because they share some common concepts such as in culture, politics, way of economic development and especially in the way of thinking. Its hard to imagine if people dont share the simmilar ideology on these aspects, what the world be like. 3 Summary In conclusion, with the rapid development of globalization, we are living in a global village, and it has allowed a better communication flow amongst More Developed Countries (MDCs) and Less Developed Countries (LDCs). It has enabled trade to grow, capital and education flows to increase and a better allocation of resources to be met around the world. There are many gains from globalization for companies around the world, some Multi-National Enterprises (MNEs) that locate themselves in LDCs bring along growth and development, like for example employment, technology knowledge, profit reinvestment among other factors to host countries. Nevertheless, there are several negative aspects about globalization as well. For instance, MDCs have a tendency to profit from globalization in various ways when negotiating with LDCs. MNEs that go to LDCs for example, gain from cheaper labor force, cheaper land and tax rates. In the end however, some MNEs end up negatively affecting the host countrys economy by taking all profits back home, socially, by polluting the environment and finally also politically by paying bribes to the local governments to reduce tax rates or other fees. In spite of its controversial position in different regions, some countries like the Asian tigers or the Asian New Industrial Countries (NICs) have gained incredibly from globalization in the past 30 years. Other continents however, have proved themselves not yet ready for such a change. An example of the latter is Africa and South America, where due to different factors like corruption, low education level, weak political policies and poor transport infrastructure globalization hasnt been able to benefit them in a high rate like in Asian. It is therefore up to each county to decide and control Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and gain from it or not. Summing all of the above, globalization is a long time process of in the humans history. Though we couldnt give a definite definition to it, observing from it main constitutions and the features of them, we can have a overall idea about it. It features is firstly shown in the economic field, because the globalization is basis on the development economy which provide the essential precondition for globalization. Then follows the feature in culture. Culture is the carrier of any human civilization, therefore it is another important constitution of globalization. Just like the integration of world economy, people can also benefit from the integration by learning from each other. However, while we bear the diversity of different cultures we should also keep our nationalism. We also talked about the intergrowth of global ecology, because ecological system is very vital for human beings existence. It provides the basic material for our life, in other words, without the support of ecology, we can do nothing. While we are enjoying various resources that the nature offers to us, we also have to bear the obligations to preserve it from ruin. At last this paper also mentioned the mutual recognition of people involved in the globalization, because this is another precondition of globalization, as well as an important factor for mutual understanding. With the mutual recognition and understanding globalization can be achieved and can have a better development. It is true that there may be some negative effects of globalization, however, with its more merits , we have to admit that the trend of this tide will continue.

Is Human Cloning the Answer? :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Is Human Cloning the Answer? That depends upon the question. Recently there was a major breakthrough in the scientific research - the mapping of all DNA in a human gene is complete. Couple of years ago, this seems an impossible task for scientist to triumph over. All this revolution in science leads us to believe that the day, when the human being will be cloned, is not far away. Human cloning has always been an issue of controversy, be it in terms of ethically or religiously. Taking a look at why cloning might be beneficial, among many cases, it is arguable that parents who are known to be at risk of passing a genetic defect to a child could make use of cloning. A fertilized ovum could be cloned, and the duplicate tested for the disease or disorder. If the clone was free of genetic defects, then the other clone would be as well. The latter could be implanted in the woman and allowed to mature to term. Moreover, cloning would enable infertile couples to have children of their own rather than using sperm of another man. Cloning humans would also mean that organs could be cloned, so it would be a source of perfect transplant organs. This, surely would be immensely beneficial to millions of unfortunate people around the world that are expected to lose their lives due to failure of single (or more) organ(s). It is also arguable that a ban on cloning may be unconstitutional and would deprive people of the right to reproduce and restrict the freedom of scientists. Arguments against cloning are also on a perfectly viable side. Primarily, I believe that cloning would intervene with the normal 'cycle' of life. There would be large number of identical genes, which minimizes the chances of mutation, and, in turn, evolution - the fundamental reason how living things naturally adapt to the ever-changing environment. Life processes failing to do so might result in untimely extinction. Furthermore, cloning would eliminate the uniqueness that each one of us posses. Thus, leading to creation of genetically engineered groups of people for specific purposes and, chances are, that those individuals would be regarded as 'objects' rather than people in the society in grand scale.

Oscar Wilde’s the Importance of Escape Essay

Oscar Wilde’s play entitled â€Å"The Importance of Being Earnest† illustrates the concept of dual personality, fantasy, love, and lies. Jack, Algernon, Gwendolyn, and Cecily all live in lies. They are manipulated by their fantasies and desire for perfect relationship and love. Jack, the protagonist in the play, is the root of lies because of his imaginary brother named Earnest. Algernon uses the name to win Cecily, while Gwendolyn and Cecily are both fascinated by this name because it expresses strength and perfection of manhood. Due to their search and desire to have Earnest, the male and female characters escape from the reality. Therefore, Wilde in The Importance of Being Earnest portrays a gender doubled theme of escape as the male characters escape through alter-egos and female characters privately through their imaginations. Jack escapes from reality using his alter-ego to become free from his responsibilities and obligations. In the first part of the play, readers learn that Jack is placed in a complex situation: â€Å"When one is placed in the position of guardian, one has to adopt a very high moral tone on all subjects†¦ a high moral tone can hardly be said to conduce very much to either one’s health or one’s happiness, in order to get up to town I have always pretended to have a younger brother of the name of Ernest, who lives in the Albany, and gets into the most dreadful scrapes† (Act I). Jack escapes from his country and changes his identity to Earnest to perform the things that he wants to experience. For Jack, being a guardian and a landowner is a great obligation for his ward and people. Through his alter-ego, Jack obtains freedom because he becomes the opposite of his real self—the liberated and careless individual that he could not demonstrate in reality. Aside from Jack, Gwendolyn also escapes from her real world, through her imagination, to find her true love. When she learns that Jack’s name is Earnest, she immediately confessed to him: â€Å"For me you have always had an irresistible fascination. Even before I met you I was far from indifferent to you. We live, as I hope you know, Mr. Worthing, in an age of ideals. And my ideal has always been to love some one of the name of Ernest. The moment Algernon first mentioned to me that he had a friend called Ernest, I knew I was destined to love you† (Act I). Gwendolyn escapes from the reality to find her match. Searching for his Earnest gives her the opportunity to exit from reality and explore the world of fantasy. She believes that marrying a man with the name of Earnest can give her all her physical, emotional, and economic desires. As she walks into her fantasies, she tends to escape from the reality—from the fact that there is no perfect man. Similarly, Cecily uses her diary to escape from the reality and dreams for her Earnest. When she talks to Algernon, whom she knows as Earnest Worthing, Cecily excitedly revealed: â€Å"You see, it [her diary] is simply a very young girl’s record of her own thoughts and impressions, and consequently meant for publication. When it appears in volume form I hope you will order a copy. But pray, Ernest, don’t stop. I delight in taking down from dictation. I have reached ‘absolute perfection’. You can go on. I am quite ready for more† (Act I). If Gwendolyn uses her imaginations, Cecily is using her diary as her gateway to fantasy. She illustrates her engagement with Earnest in her diary. It means that beyond the boundaries of reality and existence, Cecily found her Earnest, which she claims in her diary. Therefore, Cecily escape from reality and obtainment of her fantasy is part of her comfort zone. It makes her happy, complete, and loved. In conclusion, Jack, Gwendolyn, and Cecily all escape from reality because they want to be free and be loved. Jack uses his alter-ego to detach his self from his moral obligations and obtain liberty without limitations and fears. Meanwhile, Cecily and Gwendolyn escape from reality because they want to experience love. They try to find their own Earnest that will complete their being—and through their fantasies, they are able to explore the idyllic and fearless relationship with the man that they desire.

No Child Left Behind Act Essays - Education Reform, Free Essays

No Child Left Behind Act Essays - Education Reform, Free Essays No Child Left Behind Act is a document adopted on 2001 that is associated with the improvement of elementary and secondary education in the USA. It is obvious that students are different and their potential is different too. It is impossible to create a standard system of education that will satisfy every student. The US Congress decided to invent the best system that would be useful to all students. No Child Left Behind Act is based on the idea that every child has the right to receive education and that it is impossible to treat children with different potential equally. This Act provided states with the right to set the local standards of education. For example, if a school cannot boast of excellent results of its students, it has the right to set its own minimum level of knowledge that is acceptable in this state. Years ago every school paid attention to the smartest students. Weaker students did not have a chance to learn the same information, because of their weaker potential. In simple words, the system of education focused on gifted students, while other students felt neglected. The Act changed this situation and provided schools with a chance to make their own standards of education that will be useful to weaker students too. Gifted students should receive extra homework assignments that are not connected with the ordinary educational process. No Child Left Behind Act is a quite a controversial document, because teachers and experts criticize it severely. They say that this Act does not solve the existing problems of education and it causes harm to gifted students who stay unnoticed and discouraged. No Child Left Behind Act is good topic for discussion. Students are able to research this problem in detail and share their opinion with their teachers. If you need to complete a good term paper about No Child Left Behind Act, you should pay attention to the profound analysis of this document. It is possible to observe it logically and systematically. You should describe every important point and aspect of this Act and explain it to your teacher. Furthermore, you should analyze it objectively demonstrating its advantages and disadvantages. Finally, you should summarize this subject wisely and present your own understanding of its importance. The Internet is the best helper with term paper writing, because it provides students with high-quality articles that can be useful for writing. One is able to look through a free college term paper sample on No Child Left Behind Act and understand how to organize his assignment effectively. He will be able to borrow the style and manner of writing to construct a successful paper professionally.

Free Essays on A Supermarket In America

Allen Ginsberg’s â€Å"A Supermarket in America† In â€Å"A Supermarket in America† Allen Ginsberg, laments upon the decline of American in a hale of imagery, allusion, and voice that imparts upon the reader a deeper understand of the poem, than the impressions left by W.D. Snodgrass’s decomposition â€Å"A produce market in California† which fails to capture the underlining meaning and purpose of the original poem. The poem begins with the opening line, â€Å"What thoughts I have†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (line 1-3), which sets the tone for the remainder of the poem, by immediately thrusting the reader into the imaginary world of the poets own mind, which is the landscape for this poem. This is accomplished by the Ginsberg telling in the first line his location, â€Å"walking down side streets† (line 1-2), and his state of mind, â€Å"self-conscious looking at the moon†(line 2), which implies a daydreaming state, which is verified by the poet speaking to Walt Whitman a long dead poet who was known as the American poet-laureate to of the 19th century. This is important because it tells the careful reader that the poem is a introspective look at poetry, and by invoking the â€Å"American poet† of the previous century, the reader can deduce that this poem will at least explain the poets own views on contemporary poetry. To cement, and reiterate to the reader that this poem is a vision Ginsberg sets it in a â€Å"neon fruit supermarket†(line 4-5), which can not exists in the real world, because fruit are not neon, nor are supermarkets made in the shape of fruit. He goes on in this line to reiterate to the reader that this will be a look at poetry, by â€Å"dreaming of your enumerations† which is a reference to Whitman’s Poetry. Enumerations is commonly defined as â€Å"to count off or name†(Merriam-Webster) but, Ginsberg uses a lesser know meaning that of â€Å"a detailed account, in which each thing is specially noticed†(Merriam-Webster), which is essent... Free Essays on A Supermarket In America Free Essays on A Supermarket In America Allen Ginsberg’s â€Å"A Supermarket in America† In â€Å"A Supermarket in America† Allen Ginsberg, laments upon the decline of American in a hale of imagery, allusion, and voice that imparts upon the reader a deeper understand of the poem, than the impressions left by W.D. Snodgrass’s decomposition â€Å"A produce market in California† which fails to capture the underlining meaning and purpose of the original poem. The poem begins with the opening line, â€Å"What thoughts I have†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (line 1-3), which sets the tone for the remainder of the poem, by immediately thrusting the reader into the imaginary world of the poets own mind, which is the landscape for this poem. This is accomplished by the Ginsberg telling in the first line his location, â€Å"walking down side streets† (line 1-2), and his state of mind, â€Å"self-conscious looking at the moon†(line 2), which implies a daydreaming state, which is verified by the poet speaking to Walt Whitman a long dead poet who was known as the American poet-laureate to of the 19th century. This is important because it tells the careful reader that the poem is a introspective look at poetry, and by invoking the â€Å"American poet† of the previous century, the reader can deduce that this poem will at least explain the poets own views on contemporary poetry. To cement, and reiterate to the reader that this poem is a vision Ginsberg sets it in a â€Å"neon fruit supermarket†(line 4-5), which can not exists in the real world, because fruit are not neon, nor are supermarkets made in the shape of fruit. He goes on in this line to reiterate to the reader that this will be a look at poetry, by â€Å"dreaming of your enumerations† which is a reference to Whitman’s Poetry. Enumerations is commonly defined as â€Å"to count off or name†(Merriam-Webster) but, Ginsberg uses a lesser know meaning that of â€Å"a detailed account, in which each thing is specially noticed†(Merriam-Webster), which is essent...

Consumer behavior Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Consumer behavior - Assignment Example Thus a study and understanding of this topic can be realized to be of most value to the marketers who need to understand the behavior of the consumers in order to target their minds accordingly (Blythe, 2008, pp.3-8). The need for understanding the behavior of the consumers is mostly needed by marketers since it helps to identify the psychology of the consumers for particular products available in the market. Also the influence of the products and their brands on the consumers can be determined. This enables the marketers to identify and target their customers accordingly realizing their choices and preferences, their lifestyles, their income and ways of expenditure, and mentalities towards particular products or services (Role of Consumer Behaviour in Marketing, 2012). An important feature of marketing is the marketing mix that refers to the plans and ideas combined and represented by marketing representative intending to promote a specific product or a brand. The different elements of marketing mix include, in association with the product, the product, price, place, promotion, people, process, and physical evidence (Marketing Mix- Meaning and Its Elements, 2012). The present study focuses on an understanding of the marketing stimuli that influences consumer behavior, the marketing mix stimuli that are formed in order to influence the behavior and responses of the consumers, their obvious behaviors, their emotions and feelings in association with products available in the markets. In other words, the cognitive response, affective response and behavioral responses of the consumers would be studies. Marketing Mix and Cognitive Response of Consumers: Cognitive response of a human being refers to the behavior that emerges from persuasive communication with another party (Cognitive Response Theory, 2000). Thus in regard to marketing and the use of marketing mix, the cognitive response of the consumer can b realized to be the one that is obtained as a result of the persuasion that the marketing mix is capable of presenting in front of the consumers. There are different theoretical approaches to understand the behavior of consumers. One of these is the cognitive approach. This approach attributes behavior or the action that may be observed to intrapersonal cognition. In this regard, an individual is considered as a processor of information. It is observed and discussed that the environment as well as the social knowledge that an individual experiences are influential on the behavior of the consumer. In other words, the environmental and social stimuli are received by the consumers as inputs for different products depending on which their purchasing decisions may vary (Bray, n.d., p.6). A response model may be illustrated as provided in the following figure: Figure 1: Stilumus-Organism- Response Model of Decision Making (Bray, n.d., p.7). According to the above figure, there lies a linear relationship between the stages of stimuli, organism and response where the external stimuli that act upon the individuals include the environment and society. Studies by modern theorists â€Å"acknowledge that information processing is conducted by an active organism whose past experience will influence not only the processing of such information but even what information is sought and received† (Bray, n.d., p.7).

COOP training program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

COOP training program - Essay Example This program gives more opportunities to students for employment through giving them opportunities to prove themselves at respectable companies. Madinah Net Holding Company (MNCO) is a joint stock company specialized in general contracting and construction loading and unloading and electric construction and supporting government projects in the work of maintenance and operation. It also produces and manufactures basic materials used in construction (stones, sand, ready mix,  asphalt). The headquarters of the company is located Madinah and there are several branches in the city of Riyadh, Qurayyat, Ahsa and Dammam. MNCO was established in the beginning of 1418 AH to contribute to boost and develop the economy through the implementation of construction projects, loading, unloading, maintenance and operation of various government and private sectors. This was through developing the strategic plan to improve service delivery in the field of operation, maintenance, and it proved successful achievement of objectives through the provision of qualified chiefs and modern techniques that have contributed to overcome obstacles to reach its vision. Believing in the importance of the role of human resources in achieving the objectives, MNH has been keen to appoint a skilled workforce and attract talents and experiences from different sectors and formed integrated technical and management work groups at a high level of training, efficiency, and began to implement its efforts even exceeded expectations, and thus gained the confidence of customers and their satisfaction with the support of such experiences and competencies. Madinah Net Holding Co. for Cement Products Factory consists of main and technical administration, sales department, production, laboratory and financial department. All of these categories carry a group of competent and a high degree of